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Chinese Martial Arts: Rules and Divisions


Categories of Form | Definitions | Traditional Weapon Forms | Sparring / Sanshou | Hand Form & Weapon Form Grading System | Push-hand Competition | Weapon Sparring


NEW SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION FOR TRADITIONAL FORMS
From our past experience in conducting and participating in martial arts competitions locally, nationally and internationally, we have come to realize that the current popular classifications for traditional Chinese martial arts forms are inadequate and needs to be re-evaluated.

First, due to its long history of development, Chinese martial arts have evolved into many styles and sub-branches, each with its unique forms and practice methods. There is not currently a logical and objective system of evaluation that is applicable to all the traditional forms.

Second, the current Wushu compulsory forms competition has extremely narrow limits, which negates and neglects the rich characteristics of tradition martial arts. Many styles are left out in the cold because they cannot complete on their own grounds. If this trend continues, it will ultimately lead to significant loss to the rich cultural heritage of traditional Chinese martial arts.

Many of the historical terms of classification in Chinese martial arts such as internal styles, external styles, southern fist, northern kicks etc. have little to do with reality and can be very misleading.

After years of research and testing, we have discovered that all of the forms in traditional Chinese martial arts can be grouped into several categories according to its own movement characteristics and practice method.

We are planning to put this method of grouping into place for our annual tournament as well as for CMGC's. All traditional forms will be grouped into eight categories using the above method. Each will have its own judging criteria designed specially to reflect the characteristics of those forms that fit within its definition.

Because this is a new attempt on our parts, we are fully aware of the potential inadequacies and problems that may arise and we humbly invite all our martial arts seniors, fellow enthusiasts and competitors to provide us with their insights and opinions on this matter.


CATEGORIES OF FORM
1. Soft Movements and Relaxed Type
Description: Belongs to the soft arts type in Chinese martial arts; movements are slow and continuous without sudden stops or breaks, upper and lower body move in unison, emphasis on relaxed and natural movements with no sudden, hard or explosive power emissions.
Examples: Yang style Tai Chi, Wu style Tai Chi, Simplified Tai Chi forms, Liu He Ba Fa style etc. as they are commonly seen and practiced.
Areas of evaluation: Form and Spirit
Relaxed firmness
Coordination
Nimbleness
maximum 3 points
maximum 3 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points

Maximum score:

10 points
Areas of deduction: Uniform, appearance, etiquette
Lack of combat value in content
Loss of balance and stability
Stoppage of hesitation in movement

maximum 1 point
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 1 point
   

2. Soft Movement with Occasional Explosive Power Emissions
Description: Movements are also slow and continuous, relaxed and natural, with occasional emissions of sudden, sharp or explosive power.
Examples: Forms such as Chen style Tai Chi first form, Song Ki style internal arts, White Crane Needle in Cotton form etc. as they are commonly seen and practiced.
Areas of evaluation: Form and Spirit
Relaxed firmness
Coordination
Nimbleness
Power emission

maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
Maximum score: 10 points
Areas of deduction: Uniform, appearance, etiquette
Lack of combat value in content
Loss of balance and stability
Stoppage of hesitation in movement
maximum 1 point
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 1 point

3. Soft and Quick Moving Type
Description: Movements are soft, relaxed and continuous but not slow, using steps to lead the body with lots of turning, no sudden, sharp, or explosive power emissions.
Examples: Ba Gua, Yang Style Tai Chi fast form, Wu Style Tai Chi fast form, Duck Form, Jiu Gong form, Wudang Tai Yue Five Element form etc. as they are commonly seen and practiced.
Areas of evaluation: Form and Spirit
Coordination
Nimbleness
maximum 3 points
maximum 3 points
maximum 4 points
Maximum score: 10 points
Areas of deduction: Uniform, appearance, etiquette
Lack of combat value in content
Loss of balance and stability
Stoppage of hesitation in movement
maximum 1 point
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 1 point

4. Total Explosive Power Type
Description: Form is generally simple with lost of repeat movements and little variations. Emphasis is on demonstrating the use of the entire body in generating sharp, sudden, explosive power which is also known as Total force or Six Harmony force.
Examples: Hsing Yi, Sin Yi, Six Harmony, Ba Ji, Chen Style 2nd form Cannon Fist, certain Shaolin forms as they are commonly seen and practiced.
Areas of evaluation: Form and Spirit
Coordination
Power emission
maximum 3 points
maximum 3 points
maximum 4 points
Maximum score: 10 points
Areas of deduction: Uniform, appearance, etiquette
Lack of combat value in content
Loss of balance and stability
Stoppage of hesitation in movement
maximum 1 point
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 1 point

5. High Stance and Short Strike Type
Description: Stances are generally high and narrow with short, fast changing hand techniques. Emphasis is on small upper body movements and short, sharp or inch power emissions. Generally, there is less emphasis on leg movements.
Examples: Wing Chun, Fukinese White Crane, Southern Praying Mantis, Bak Mei or White Eyebrow, Dragon, Dragon form etc. as they are commonly seen and practiced.
Areas of evaluation: Form and Spirit
Coordination
Quickness of hands techniques
Power emission
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 4 points
maximum 2 points
Maximum score: 10 points
Areas of deduction: Uniform, appearance, etiquette
Lack of combat value in content
Loss of balance and stability
Stoppage of hesitation in movement
maximum 1 point
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 1 point
 

6. Low Stance and Solid Type
Description: Stances are generally low, wide and solid with intermix of long and short hand techniques. Emphasis on large upper body movements, or long, or hard-power emissions.
Examples: Southern Huag Gar, Chow Gar, Choi Li Fut, Fut Gar, Hap Gar, Do Pai, Five Animal form etc. as they are commonly seen and practiced.
Areas of evaluation: Form and Spirit
Coordination
Agility
Power emission
Solidity
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
Maximum score: 10 points
Areas of deduction: Uniform, appearance, etiquette
Lack of combat value in content
Loss of balance and stability
Stoppage of hesitation in movement
maximum 1 point
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 1 point

7. Mobile Attack Type

Description:

Intermixed use of high and low stances with quick changing steps. Intermixed uses of hands and legs techniques. Varying emphasis on turning, ducking, jumping, sliding and side stepping with lots of large movements and quick changing techniques.
Examples: Most long fist styles such as Cha Quan, Hua Quan, Shaolin long fist, Tan Tui, Tong Bei, Pi Gua, Fao Tze, Mi Zhong, Northern Praying Mantis, Eagle Claw, etc. as they are commonly seen and practiced.
Areas of evaluation: Form and Spirit
Coordination
Agility
Power emission
maximum 2 points
maximum 3 points
maximum 3 points
maximum 2 points
Maximum score: 10 points
Areas of deduction: Uniform, appearance, etiquette
Lack of combat value in content
Loss of balance and stability
Stoppage of hesitation in movement
maximum 1 point
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 1 point

8. Ground Movement Types
Description: Emphasis on falling, dropping, rolling, somersaults and combat movements on the ground.
Examples: Drunken fist, Di Tang, Canine form, Monkey form etc. as they are commonly seen and practiced.
Areas of evaluation: Form and Spirit
Coordination
Agility
Difficulty
maximum 2 points
maximum 3 points
maximum 3 points
maximum 3 points
Maximum score: 10 points
Areas of deduction: Uniform, appearance, etiquette
Lack of combat value in content
Loss of balance and stability
Stoppage of hesitation in movement
Eliminate any deduction due to loss of balance
maximum 1 point
maximum 2 points
maximum 2 points
maximum 1 point

Please note:

  1. The examples used in the above categories are only guides and are by no means absolute. It depends totally on the characteristics of the form itself and the way it is practiced by the competitor rather than any particular style per se.
  2. The time limit for the categories 1 to 2 are two minutes long and 3 to 8 are one minute long. Competitor may have to shorten or simplify their form accordingly. Competitors will not be penalized for being shorter or longer than the time limit but will be told to stop at the time limit.

   
DEFINITIONS
Form and Spirit: Includes proper execution of movements and techniques. Good form and appearance. Good eye focus and the ability to covey spirit and intent of movement.
Relaxed firmness: Conveying a sense of sinkage and rooting. Movements are relaxed but without weakness. Ease of motion without tension throughout.
Coordination: Proper coordination of hands, eyes, body, waist/hip and stances. Movements are completed in sync and in total unison.
Nimbleness: Quickness and sureness of steps and stances. Ability to shift weight and change direction at will. Good balance throughout with no hesitation in movements.
Agility: In addition to qualities embodied in nimbleness, there must be extraordinary flexibility, bounciness, overall speed and the ability to accommodate sudden changes in direction, focus, tempo, centre of gravity and range with total control
Power emission: Include qualities of suddenness, sharpness and explosiveness in movements employing either the whole body or certain parts. The impact value must be visually clear and apparent. Must take into account the various types of power emission employed by different styles of Chinese martial arts.
Hand Speed: Speed in terms of changing movements employing the upper limbs and upper torso. Includes change of techniques, focus, direction, range and focus.
Solidity: Conveying a sense of being heavy, hard and compact. Solid, powerful, with a high degree of stability.
Difficulty: Requires extraordinary physical agility to execute. Difficult to master. Uniqueness of movements. Must be able to complete movements with ease.

   

TRADITIONAL WEAPON FORMS
Judging Criteria:
Content, Style & Combat Quality of Form /10 points
Expression of Combat Intent & Martial Spirit /10 points
Balance Stances Footwork /10 points
Power, Focus & Coordination /10 points
Degree of Difficulty /5 points
Substance of Weapon /5 points

Maximum Total:

50 points
Explanation:
This is a similar but more concise version of the past judging criteria used by C.C.K.S.F. in the last couple of years. Equal weight is placed in the following areas:
1. Content, Style & Combat Quality of Form:
Refers to the actual makeup of the Form. Whether the techniques in the form are logically related to the weapon used and whether techniques are logically consistent with combat purposes. Also refers to the flow and rhythm of the form and the elegance of movements.
2. Expression, Combat Intent & Martial Spirit:
Refers to the ability of the performer to bring out the intensity and convey intended purpose of techniques demonstrated. Performers must demonstrate an understanding of the use of the form.
3. Balance, Stance & Footwork:
Refers to the ability to move with grace and flow throughout. The ability to maintain good stances and balance in motion and the ability to shift weight and direction at will without compromising flow and rhythm.
4. Power, Focus & Coordination:
Refers to the ability to generate Jin (Power) through proper body coordination and the ability to transmit this power through the weapon used. Movements must be clearly focused on intended imaginary target. The body must move in unison with the weapon. The ability to lead the weapon and not be led by the weapon.

Two other areas of 5 points each rounds out the total.

5. Degree of difficulty:
Refers to the difficulty of movement. Not only referring to movements that require extraordinary agility or flexibility but also the extraordinary ability to make the difficult look easy. Exceptional level of smoothness and flow, for instance, would qualify. So is the ability to handle very difficult or heavy weapon smoothly and easily.
6. Substance of Weapon:
Refers to the type of material used in construction of the weapon used and its weight and substance. Light, thin, insubstantial type of weapons such as those regularly used in Wushu competition will receive no points in this category. Most regular Long Chuan Swords, combat steel weapons and solid wood more than 1 ˝ inch in diameter is acceptable and will automatically receive the full 5 points.

   

SPARRING / SANSHOU
Format: Point fighting; no contact to head. Stopping upon scoring.
Ring: 15’ × 15’ square. Boundary and centre marked on floor. No barriers.
Scoring Method:
  1. One point for successful score to the head. Tap only. Any more contact prohibited.
  2. Two points for successful score to the torso area protected by the body protector.
  3. Two points for a successful grab of the opponent’s kick without being kicked first.
  4. Three points for successfully executed simultaneous block (includes jamming, holding, grabbing and trapping) and strike without being score upon by the opponent at the same time.
Violations:
  • Elbow strikes, knee strikes, throws, takedown, joint locks, choke holds, low sweeps or striking at any non-designated area.
  • Uncontrolled turning blind techniques.
  • Leg blocks are permitted provided leg is bent. If extended, it may be regarded as a kick or sweep to non-designated area and therefore a violation.
  • If above violation is deemed unintentional, depending on severity and potential of injury, may result in a point given to the opponent or disqualification.
  • If one or both participants drop their defense and only engage in trading blows, a warning will be issued. Second warning will result in 1 point awarded to the opponent. Third warning will result in disqualification. No blows struck in this fashion will result in any point score.
Length:
  • Two minutes fighting time (does not include time between each stop and restart).
  • The first opponent to reach five points wins.
  • If no one reaches five points at end of match, the person with highest score wins.
  • If a tie occurs at end of match, match will go into overtime—the first to score wins.
Mandatory Equipment:
  • Headgear with face mask (provided)
  • Body protector (provided)
  • 6 oz sparring gloves, finger must be covered. (bring your own)
  • Foot guard, toes covered (bring your own)
  • Groin protector, mouth guard (bring your own)
Optional Equipment:
  • shin guard, arm guard, knee guard, elbow pads


HAND FORM & WEAPON FORM GRADING SYSTEM
I. Mark sheet recorded the Highest Mark and the Standard Mark:
  • The highest mark is being granted to the best performer.
  • The standard grade depends on the level, i.e. Senior Level, Intermediate Level or Novice Level.

II. The grading result is determined by the presentation ability of the participant:

  • Participant will be graded as standard when the form meets the expected standard for its level.
  • When the form is exceeds the expected standard for its level, the participant should get an above level grade. But not over the highest grade.
  • When the form does not meet the expected standard for its level, the participant should get a below level grade.

Example: Total Explosive Power Type

Name of Participant:  _________________________________________

 

Mark

 
Highest Standard Scored
Form and Spirit 3.0 2.0 2.3 Over Standard
Coordination 3.0 2.0 1.9 Below Standard
Explosive Power 4.0 3.0 3.2 Over Standard
   

Total

7.4

 
Cautions:

  1. Anyone who disagrees with the scored mark must submit a $200.00 deposit. A special evaluation committee will be convened to re-evaluate the situation. There will be no refund if the scored mark is determined to be correct. If the score was incorrect, the participant will get a different grade and the deposit will be refunded.
  2. Participant can register for up to 3 categories, and the fee is $50.00—absolutely no refund.
  3. Adults are 15 years old and above; children are 14 years old and under.

   

PUSH-HAND COMPETITION
Competition Style: Moving step push-hand. Point stop format. Stopping upon scoring.
Competition Area:

12 ft × 12 ft square. Area padded with mats and boundary marked.

Scoring:
  1. Successfully cause the opponent to step on or out of the boundary line with one or both feet (1 pt.)
  2. Successfully cause any part of the opponent’s body, other than his/her two feet, to touch the ground. (2 pt)
Contact points: May touch or contact the opponent’s two upper limbs or upper torso (below the neck and above the groin area) with your own upper limbs or upper torso. All other areas are prohibited.
Violations:
  1. Attack or contact in prohibited areas.
  2. While lower limbs may contact with the opponent’s lower limbs, no kicking, sweeping, stomping, stepping on, or hooking are allowed.
  3. Punching, striking, elbowing, kneeing, poking, gauging, biting, spitting, joint lock, joint break, seizing and grabbing of clothing, use of other objects are prohibited.
Penalty awarded:
  • Unintentional: verbal warning, 3 verbal warnings will result in 1 actual warning and 1 pt awarded to the opponent.
  • Intentional (no potential to injure): 1 actual warning and 1 pt awarded to the opponent.
  • Intentional (potential to injure or actual injury): immediate disqualification.
Length of match: One three-minute round
Clothing: Full length track pants or Kung-fu pants. Long sleeve track suit or t-shirt.
Mandatory Equipment:
  • Helmet (provided by C.C.K.S.F)
  • Mouth guard, groin protector (bring your own)
Prohibited:
  • Any use of any lubricant, grease, oil, etc. on any part of the body
  • Any hard objects on the person (rings, watches, bracelets, belt buckles, etc.)
Unlike past C.C.K.S.F. events, there will be no fixed step push-hand event here. This is meant to be a higher caliber type of competition so only moving step push-hand is used here.

   

WEAPON SPARRING
I. Short Weapon Sparring
    1. Competition area is 15’ X 15’ square. Boundary and center marked. No barriers.
    2. Format is a Point Stop mode. Stopping upon scoring. Continue unless judge or referee signals stop.
    3. Scoring:
      1. Successfully hit your opponent with your weapon on any part of his/her body except throat, neck and groin without being struck 1 point.
      2. Successfully hit opponent with your weapon on above-mentioned area without being struck while holding or trapping the opponents weapon hand, 2 points.
      3. Ground techniques allowed.
    4. Loss of point if you:
      1. Drop your weapon, 1 point awarded to the opponent.>
      2. Both feet outside boundary, 1 point awarded to the opponent. Ground techniques allowed.
    5. Violations:
      1. Punch/Kick. Grab your opponent’s weapon or anywhere other than his/her weapon arm.
      2. Hit an opponent’s throat, neck and groin.
    6. Penalty:
      1. If deemed unintentional, 1 warning, 3 warnings results in 1 point to opponent.
      2. If deemed intentional, 1 warning, 3 warnings results in 1 point to opponent or disqualification depending on severity of violation and potential of injury.
    7. Equipment:
      1. Helmet, body protector and gloves are mandatory and provided;
      2. Groin protector is mandatory (bring your own);
      3. Arm pads, shin pads, kneepads, elbow pads and should pads are optional (bring your own).
    8. Length of match:
      1. 2 minutes fighting time (not including time between each stop and restart)
      2. First to score 5 points win.
      3. If no one score 5 points at end of match, one with highest score wins.
      4. If there is a tie, first to score in overtime wins.
II. Long Weapon Sparring
Same as above except the following will also apply:
    1. The ring will be 15’ X 24’ boundary and center marked. No barriers.
    2. Scoring by successfully striking, poking or jabbing the opponent with the front end of the weapon on his/her body other than throat, neck, groin and forearm without being struck.
    3. It is a violation to use the backend of the weapon to strike the opponent. No slashing, smashing or throwing your weapon at the opponent allowed.